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A reasoning framework that lets a model explore multiple branching solution paths, evaluate them, and backtrack — like deliberate search rather than a single guess.
Yao et al. (2023) generalised chain-of-thought into a search over a tree of intermediate "thoughts": the model proposes several next steps, evaluates how promising each is, and explores or backtracks accordingly. This deliberate exploration markedly improves performance on problems that need planning or trial and error.
ToT is more expensive than a single chain of thought but can solve tasks where a one-shot answer fails.
Primary, peer-reviewed and archival sources for this definition.
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